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Trajectory Cones

To illustrate the potential error associated with positioning JFK and JBC at the time they were apparently both struck by a single bullet (Z223), two cones were created. The apex of both cones converge at a single point that lies along the calculated straight-line trajectory path between the exit wound in JFK's throat and the entrance wound in JBC's back. Both cones are then splayed in opposite directions; one forward along the path toward JBC's back wound (illustrating potential errors in positioning of JBC's back wound in 3D-space) and the other backward toward JFK's throat wound (illustrating potential errors in positioning JFK's throat wound in 3D-space).

The point at which the apex of the two cones converge lies closer to JFK's throat wound because the potential error associated with the placement of that exit wound in 3D space is less than the error associated with fixing the position of the entrance wound in JBC's back. It was determined that except for turning his head approximately 54 degrees to the right (accompanied by a very slight torso rotation), then back to a nearly forward position, there were no major changes in JFK's posture after about Zapruder frame 161 (a conclusion also reached by the HSCA Photographic Panel [6HSCA44]) Forensic pathologist Dr. Clyde Snow told the HSCA that laboratory tests showed that the elasticity of the skin would have caused the position of the exit wound in JFK's throat to move only slightly from the position shown in the autopsy photographs - approximately 0.04 inches to the right and 0.4 inches upward. (6HSCA45) This of course, is nominal. The greater potential error lies in fixing the 3D position of the entrance wound in JBC's back. As explained earlier (see positioning errors), there could be up to a 6 degree rotational error (heading, pitch, bank) in matching JBC's position to any point in the Zapruder film (particularly in the earliest portions of the film, less in later portions). A 6-degree rotational error would move the entrance wound on JBC's back up to an inch in any direction.

To illustrate these potential errors, two 6-degree cones were created and positioned as described above at the equivalent of Zapruder frame 223 - the last frame before impact. All possible firing sources for the bullet that passed between the exit wound in JFK's throat and the entrance wound in JBC's back now fall within the dimensions of the cone. Although the trajectory cone edges are shown as "hard," it is important to understand that as potential trajectories in the 6 degree error range move away from center, the probability diminishes. This is largely due to the fact that the potential errors in JFK and JBC's rotational position also diminish in that range.

The cumulative total errors associated with the construction and placement of other objects in the scene is negligible when compared to the potential errors in placing the wounds and the position of those wounds in 3D-space. Therefore, the trajectory cones used in this analysis are considered sufficient to describe potential errors in the computer recreation.

Projecting the error cone rearwards 200 feet finds that it intersects the southern-face of the Texas School Book Depository, at the level of the fifth and sixth floors, as well as a small portion of the northwestern-most roofline of the Dal-Tex Building. The error cone's intersection of the southern-face of the Depository can be described as an ellipse (due to the angle of the cone in relation to the building) that is approximately 26 feet in diameter. The source of the shot that struck JFK in the upper-right back, emerged from his throat, and went on to strike JBC in the right-back must lie somewhere within the confines of this area.

The portions of both the Texas School Book Depository and Dal-Tex Building which fall within the limits of the cone are shown at left. Four windows of the Depository lie within the area defined by the cone. Photographs show two of the four were open at the time of the shooting. The open window on the fifth floor was occupied by eyewitnesses. The sniper's nest window - the southeast corner, sixth floor (arrow) - is the only open, unaccounted for window that lies within the area defined by the trajectory cone. This is the location where eyewitnesses saw a rifle being fired from, and where Dallas police later found three spent rifle shells.

A portion of the northwest roofline of the Dal-Tex Building also lies within the trajectory cone. Unlike the Texas School Book Depository sniper's nest window, there are no eyewitness accounts of a gunman firing from the Dal-Tex Building roof, nor was any physical evidence ever found to suggest that shots had been fired from that location. It is also worth noting that a gunman positioned within the defined roof area would not have been able to fire the fatal shot at Zapruder frame 313. A perspective view from the northwest corner roofline of the Dal-Tex Building shows the presidential limousine blocked by the southeast corner of the Book Depository at the time of the fatal head shot. It seems unlikely that anyone intent on killing the president would have positioned themselves at the northwest corner, when a position further south along the roofline would have afforded them a clear view of the entire length of Elm Street.

Conclusion

In conclusion, a trajectory track projected rearward from JBC's chest wound at Zapruder frame 223 intersects the southeast corner window of the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository. A trajectory cone, used to illustrate the potential errors of the computer recreation, also points to the sniper's nest as the source of this shot. Although the northwest roofline of the Dal-Tex Building is included in the trajectory error cone, other facts (in particular, the firearms evidence which proves that the bullets that struck Kennedy and Connally were fired from the Mannlicher-Carcano rifle found on the sixth floor of the Depository to the exclusion of all other weapons) exempt it as a source of the gunfire. It is further concluded that the relative positions of JFK and JBC at Zapruder frame 223 supports the theory that one bullet struck both men. Both the trajectory track and the trajectory error cone provide a high degree of probability that a single bullet passed through JFK's upper torso before striking JBC in the back and exiting his right chest.

Questo è il lavoro di Dale Myers. Sul fatto che la signora Connally non compaia nella sua animazione e che la posizione di Connally sia falsa direi che no, non è così. Guardi come viene trasposto nel modello il fotogramma 225 di Zapruder.
Le faccio poi notare che la posizione del sedile di Connally, così come confermato nel documentario Beyond Conspiracy, non è un'opinione: Connally era seduto esattamente alla stessa altezza e nella stessa posizione reciproca rispetto a Kennedy indicata da Myers. Non intendo intimidirla con cotanto materiale, è che Myers ha fatto un lavoro "cinese" a disposizione di tutti: non vorrei doverlo tradurre! Saluti

The result found the limousine decelerating immediately after Zapruder frame 223 until just after the head shot, at which point it accelerates until it disappears under the Triple Underpass. Now that the virtual limousine matches the position and motion of the presidential limousine in the Zapruder film, the process of keying the occupants can begin.

The film is returned to the first frame showing the president and the same process used to match the limousine to the film is used to position President Kennedy (JFK) and Governor John B. Connally (JBC). The ability to accurately position both men is directly related to the clarity of the original film. At the earliest portion of the Zapruder film, the limousine is at its farthest point from Zapruder's lens. The images of both JFK and JBC are very small in the frame and consequently distorted by film grain. As the limousine draws closer to the camera, they grow larger within the frame and therefore are distorted less by film grain.

From about Zapruder frame 240 through 360, the effect of film grain on the ability to position the occupants in the car accurately is negligible. At their farthest point from Zapruder's camera, it was possible to rotate both JFK and JBC up to 6-degrees in any direction without a perceivable mismatch with the original film. This amount of error dropped to about 4-degrees by Zapruder frame 190 and within 3-degrees by Zapruder frame 223. Therefore, the estimated margin of error lies between 3 and 6-degrees, depending on which point in the film is under discussion. The larger figure was used to calculate potential errors in plotting trajectories.

The clearest frames of the Zapruder film were sought for positioning JFK and JBC in order to minimize any errors. Key frame positions were generally placed at half-second intervals throughout the recreation, although tighter keying patterns (1-5 frame intervals) were employed during Zapruder frames 220-238, and 312-330. The resulting animation was spot checked against the original Zapruder film to insure an accurate representation. Where "drifting" was detected, additional key frames were used to nail down the action.